Rose cultivation techniques
Rosa cvs is also known as Dou Xuehong, Changchunhua, Yueyuehong, etc., Rosaceae, and Rose. The Chinese roses are beautiful and graceful. They are fragrant and fragrant. They are always open at four times. They are loved by the people and have been named one of China's top ten famous flowers. The currently cultivated rose is very different from its ancestor, the Chinese rose (Rosa chinensis), so it is known as the modern rose, or simply rose. It can be used for cut flower production as well as planting and potting in gardens and occupies an important position in flower gardening. The rose and the rose are different species in the Rosa, but they are not separated from each other in foreign countries and collectively referred to as Rose. People in southern China and Shanghai also refer to the modern rose as the rose. (A) The morphological characteristics and species are thorny shrubs or vine-like, climbing-like. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate leaves. The flowers are solitary or arranged into a parasolhouse and panicles, and the petals are mostly double-breasted. The flowers are colorful, with red, yellow, white, blue, purple, green, orange, tea, black and middle colors, and some have aromas. Rose hips. The modern Chinese rose is a hybrid of various Rose species after it was introduced into Europe by the Chinese rose. There are many varieties cultivated, which can be broadly divided into six categories: hybrid tea roses (referred to as HT series), Fenghua rose (referred to as F series), Zhuanghua rose (referred to as Gr series), miniature rose (referred to as the Min line), and rattan rose. (CI series) and shrub rose (Sh series). The shrub rose category is a huge group that includes almost all of the first five categories of rose that cannot be included. There are semi-cultivated primary species and old rose species, as well as new species of newly-harvested rose. (ii) Ecological habits The adaptability of the rose to climate and soil is stronger than that of other flowers. It can be cultivated everywhere in China. Although the requirements of the Chinese rose are not strict, the loose, fertile, organic-rich, slightly acidic loam is more suitable. Sex enjoys a warm, sunny, well-circulated, well-drained environment. The optimum temperature for most species is 15°C～26°C and 10°C～15°C at night. If the winter temperature falls below the SC, it will go to sleep. Some varieties are able to tolerate -15°C low temperature and 35°C high temperature resistance, but when the summer temperature lasts above 30°C, they enter semi-dormant and the plants grow poorly. Although they can also be pregnant, they have little flowers and dim colors. Gloss, losing its ornamental value. The Chinese rose must be water and fertilizer, and should not lose water during the entire life cycle. In particular, from the buds to the leaves and flowering stages, the water should be fully supplied. The water during the flowering period needs to be extremely high, and the soil should be kept moist. The blossoms that bloom in this way are hypertrophic and bright. It is not advisable to control the moisture after entering the dormancy period. As the Chinese rose continuously sprouts, shoots, buds, and flowers, it must be fertilized regularly to prevent the decline of the tree vigor and make the flower bloom continuously. (3) Breeding methods Rose breeding methods include vegetative and sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is mostly used to cultivate new varieties and to sow wild roses to reproduce large numbers of rootstocks. Nutrient propagation includes cuttings, grafting, ramets, layering, tissue culture, etc. Among them, cutting and grafting are simple and easy to use and widely used by people. 1. The cutting Yangtze River basin is mostly carried out in spring and autumn. Spring plugging usually starts in late April and ends at the end of May. At this time, the climate is warm and the relative humidity is relatively high. After 25 days, it can take root and the survival rate is high. The autumnal plug begins in late August and ends at the end of October. At this time, the temperature is still high, but the temperature difference between day and night is relatively large. Therefore, the rooting period is 10 to 15 days longer than the spring planting, and the survival rate is also higher. Winter can also be inserted, which can make full use of branches under pruning in winter, if cultivated in the greenhouse, the survival rate is also high. If there is no greenhouse, the south can choose to sunny leeward, relatively warm environment for open cuttings, but the management should pay special attention to antifreeze. When the cuttings were cut, the bottom of the cuttings was rapidly impregnated with 500 ppm to 1000 ppm m. butyric acid or 500 ppm tantalic acid to promote rooting. Loose, well-drained loam soils with 30% fly ash (in volume terms) are preferred. The depth of the cuttings is 1/3 to 2/5 of the cuttings. It should be deeper in early spring, late autumn and winter, and shallower in other times. 2. Grafting is the main means of breeding roses. To obtain high-quality grafted seedlings, we must first select suitable rootstocks. At present, the domestically-used rootstocks include wild rose, powdered rose, and so on. More branches and buds: branches in the dormant period, from December in the south to February in the following year, the north before spring buds sprout; buds can be grafted in the growing period. To strengthen management after grafting. If it is required to reproduce a large number of specific species in a short period of time, tissue culture can be carried out. It can cultivate a large number of sterile seedlings that maintain the original species characteristics. (IV) Cultivation techniques There are basically three forms of Chinese rose cultivation, namely, pot cultivation, ground cultivation and cut flower cultivation. 1. Potted plants are often used in indoor small scenes. Management can be summarized as 10 four-character tricks: loose pots and pots, suitable basin diameters, proper wet and dry conditions, thin fat and ground fertilizer, pruning and pruning of flowers, prevention and control of pests, and frequent outdoor use, loose soil weeding, Remove the anvil buds and turn the pots every year. 2. Land planting is often planted in parks, scenic areas, factories, schools, streets, and gardens. Planting methods include plane greening and vertical greening. They are commonly used in flower beds, flower screens, flower doors, flower halls, flower belts, and hedgerows. The most important part of its management is fertilization, pruning, and pest and disease control. (1) Fertilization: After pruning in winter until before germination, the operation is convenient and sufficient organic fertilizer should be applied. The rose is more flowering and needs more fertilizer. It is best to fertilize it many times in the growing season. After blooming in May, it can be top-dressed in time to promote summer flowering and autumn flower bloom. At the end of autumn, fertilization should be controlled to prevent the shoots from being exposed to frost. When the leaves begin to grow in the spring, a large number of new roots grow, and no concentrated fertilizer can be applied to prevent new roots from being damaged and affecting growth. (2) Pruning: It is the most important work in rose cultivation, mainly in winter, but winter shearing should not be too early, otherwise it will cause germination and be vulnerable to freezing injury. The degree of pruning depends on the shape of the desired tree. The low-stem shears are cut 30 cm to 40 cm from the ground, leaving 3-5 robust branches and the rest removed. Suitable for light cuts. The interior branches of the crown need to be thinly cut. All dead branches of the pests are cut off. Larger plants should be recut when transplanted. Peel off pedicels in time after flowering. The sprouts of grafted seedlings should also be removed in time. The upright strong roses can be cut into simple tree shapes. (3) Pest control: There are mainly powdery mildew, black spot, aphids, saw tip bee, hedgehog, and long-horned beetle. Attention must be paid to prevention and control. 3. Cut flower cultivation rose is one of the world's four major cut flowers. In the Netherlands, the annual output of Chinese rose cuts reaches more than US$200 million. At present, the domestic and international demand is very large, and the prospects for the development of cut rose production are broad. In order to cultivate the cut roses, we must first select the varieties according to the market demand. Usually, we use HT-based varieties as the main cultivation techniques to seize the following links: (1) Environmental selection and seedling planting: Planting sites should be high-lying. , well-ventilated, deep before planting, Shizu base fertilizer. The time for seedling planting depends on the age of the seedlings, and may be in the spring or early in the plum rain. Set the plant spacing, taking a 6-meter-wide flower shed as an example, make two metre wide pods, two rows of each pod, spacing 50 centimeters, and spacing 20 centimeters. The varieties differ slightly. (2) Pruning pruning: Pruning can determine the date of flower production, the number of flowers planted and the level of flowering. General HT strains control the yield of 18-25 plants per plant throughout the year. After flowering, diseased branches, weak branches and degraded branches should be promptly removed and the plant height should be appropriately adjusted. Keep the following second gear blades when cutting flowers. In the early stages of sprouting, buds should be sparse and the lateral buds and secondary buds on the flowering branches should be removed promptly so as not to disperse the nutrients. (3) Fertilizer and Water Management: Cut flowers, fertilizer, water, spring, summer, and autumn, should be watered every other day, high temperature in summer, with the furrow irrigation effect is better, the water is burned every 5 days in winter. Since water is often watered and the soil is easy to build, the soil should be loosened in time. The amount of fertilizer, generally 180 square meters of greenhouse, the application of cooked dry cake fertilizer can be 40 kg, urea nutrition during the growing period of 5 kg per month, into the flowering period to increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, reduce nitrogen fertilizer. Continuous cultivation of three years of soil to increase trace elements. (4) Winter Insulation: The best temperature for cultivated cut rose is 25C during the day and 15C at night, but it is difficult to reach the general greenhouse or greenhouse. If the night heating can be maintained at about 10C, it can also grow normally. A 180-square-meter production greenhouse can be erected with three 1000 watts of heating lines and can withstand a low temperature of 5 C outdoors. When the room temperature is lower than 0C, the buds are easily frozen.